Discussions

H. pylori ICEs
There are three highly variable genomic islands in H. pylori, cagPAI, tfs3, and tfs4. tfs3 and tfs4 are both ICEs and tfs4 contains three subclasses tfs4a, tfs4b, and tfs4c. They are known as ICEs that integrate the H. pylori type IV secretion system (ICEHptfs). ICEs have been found to be associated with the pathogenicity of H. pylori. For example, the complete dupA cluster in ICEs is significantly associated with the increase of duodenal ulcers in the US population, and isolates of H. pylori with a complete dupA cluster can induce higher IL-8 production in vitro. In addition, ICEs could combine with cagPAI to induce high inflammation. Moreover, the presence of complete ICE segments is thought to be a possible risk factor for the development of gastric cancer.

H. pylori OMVs
H. pylori OMVs contain lipopolysaccharides, phosphatidylglycerol, proteins, DNA, and RNA. These components influence its ability to cause disease. For example, the OMVs contain H. pylori virulence proteins, which have a destructive effect on gastric cells. Some proteins and RNA in the OMVs elicit immune responses. What’s more, H. pylori OMVs can also promote biofilm formation, which protects H. pylori. Overall, there is a need for an in-depth study of H. pylori OMVs.

Introduction of Cellular Model Development for Psychiatric Disorders
Mental illness is associated with significant economic, social, and personal burdens. Challenges such as disease heterogeneity, incomplete characterization of available drug targets, and limited understanding of complex pathogenesis have impacted the development of new therapies. Recent advances in genetics, molecular biology, and stem cell biology have accelerated our understanding of neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), and schizophrenia (SZ). Cell-based models can better represent and reveal the complexity of the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders.

Preclinical drug studies play an important role in the drug development process. Only drugs that have completed preclinical drug studies can successfully enter clinical trials.

Early detection of superbugs, also known as antibiotic-resistant bacteria, is critical to the control and treatment of infections. A simple and rapid test can provide more information for early treatment of bacterial infections. The detection of relevant molecules has higher sensitivity and greater specificity. Diagnostic technologies based on the CRISPR-Cas system have been rapidly developed in recent years. So how should these systems be designed to detect superbugs quickly and reliably?

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