Studies on Integrative and Conjugative Elements of H. pylori

H. pylori ICEs
There are three highly variable genomic islands in H. pylori, cagPAI, tfs3, and tfs4. tfs3 and tfs4 are both ICEs and tfs4 contains three subclasses tfs4a, tfs4b, and tfs4c. They are known as ICEs that integrate the H. pylori type IV secretion system (ICEHptfs). ICEs have been found to be associated with the pathogenicity of H. pylori. For example, the complete dupA cluster in ICEs is significantly associated with the increase of duodenal ulcers in the US population, and isolates of H. pylori with a complete dupA cluster can induce higher IL-8 production in vitro. In addition, ICEs could combine with cagPAI to induce high inflammation. Moreover, the presence of complete ICE segments is thought to be a possible risk factor for the development of gastric cancer.

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